Essay about Addiction and the Brain - 1037 Words

Addiction and the Brain The ponderance that Brain = Behavior and the inherent ramifications of such proves no more fascinating than when addressed in the context of Addiction and the Brain. Essential to consider is: -what exactly is an addictive/abusive substance (drugs of abuse) -what brain center(s)/chemical(s)are involved -what does it mean to become physiologically dependent -how should the concept of addiction be addressed -how might we use animal models -and what sort of treatment approaches should be pursued. These questions will be elucidated briefly, while further information remains available at the web sources listed below. A drug of abuse/addiction would be one which leads to recurrent†¦show more content†¦All drugs of abuse seem to activate DA release from these two areas although each drug family tends to work via drastically different psychopharmacological mechanisms. Besides the obvious appeal of the high or elation, which occurs subsequent to drug administration, a greater influence leading to an increased dosage and necessitated use, would seem the acquisition of tolerance. There are three subtypes, pharmacokinetic/dispositional tolerance, pharmacodynamic tolerance, and behavioral tolerance which all prove relevant in the drugs of abuse, with the exception of the stimulants (cocaine, methylphenidate, etc). Pharmacokinetic tolerance refers to the changes in substance distribution due to the bodies metabolism of the drug, while pharmacodynamic tolerance addresses the adaptive changes which have taken place within the system thereby reducing the efficacy of the drug. The final, behavioral tolerance, seems perhaps at once the most confusing and most compelling. Behavioral tolerance has to do with the learned tolerance in relation to a specific situation and its environmental cues by which the body adapts and prepares itself thus minimizing the drug s effect ( 6). Thus the physiological dependence, or the need to administer the drug in order to maintain even a state of normalcy, is a direct result of these developed tolerances. It is the re-setting of the bodies homeostatic mechanisms in order to adapt for the effect ofShow MoreRelatedAddiction Is A Brain Disease Essay1119 Words   |  5 PagesLeshner and Addiction A prevailing belief in the field of addiction is that drug addiction is a â€Å"brain disease† characterized by â€Å"uncontrollable, compulsive drug craving, seeking, and use, even in the face of negative health and social consequences† (Leshner 2). In his article â€Å"Addiction Is a Brain Disease,† Alan I. Leshner claims that repeated use of drugs alters brain structure and function (1) and that once addicted, few are able to revert back to occasional use (2). Because of their â€Å"uncontrollable†Read MoreIs Addiction A Brain Disease?1680 Words   |  7 Pages Cognitive Addiction Addiction is a Brain Associated Disorder that Allows the Body to Become Dependent on a Substance Oliver Sutton General Psychology 150-101 Professor Shawn Matthews 30 September 2014 Oliver Sutton Professor Shawn Matthews General Psychology 150-101 30 September 2014 Is addiction a brain disease? The definition of disease is a disorder in an organism that produces specific signs/symptoms that affects a specific location and isn’t a direct result of any kind ofRead MoreAddiction And Its Effects On The Brain965 Words   |  4 PagesThere are many things one may do to control their addiction. Addiction was derived from a Latin term that means enslaved by or bound to. Addiction is a primary, chronic disease of the brain. Anyone may become addicted to any particular substance, thing, or activity. Some common addictions are food, exercise, gambling, sex, shopping, work, internet, and drugs. A drug is any chemical that has a psychological effect on the brain when consumed. Alcohol, caffeine, aspirin, and nicotine are all examplesRead MoreUnderstanding Addiction : How Addiction Develops The Brain Essay963 Words   |  4 Pagesjoy, among other functions (â€Å"Dopamine†). The brain interprets all items of pleasure in the same manner. Whet her someone has sexual intercourse, eats a delicious meal, or smokes marijuana, the brain releases dopamine in the same fashion. Drugs ranging from nicotine to heroin all produce the same signals in the nucleus accumbens, which is a group of nerve cells that sits below the cerebral cortex (â€Å"Understanding Addiction: How Addiction Hijacks the Brain†). In â€Å"Violence in Movies, Music, and Media,†Read MoreIs Addiction to Pornography a Brain Disease?1027 Words   |  4 PagesIs Addiction, Brain Disease? Pornography addiction and sex addiction are very alike sicknesses, arguably a sex addiction is not a disease or sickness however, and I feel as if it is. Walking around a sex addict you would probably never know about their disorder unless told otherwise. Many debates are about whether or not sexual addiction is an actual brain disease but just like drug addiction and alcohol addiction I classify it as the same. In a study taken in 2013 The Discovery Channel foundRead MoreDrug Addiction And Its Effects On The Brain1123 Words   |  5 PagesAddiction. To many of us it means different things. Shopping addiction, having to get the newest electrical items, chocoholics. But what we’re here to talk about is drug addiction and its affects on the brain, or rather, the brains affect on drug addiction. So, by definition: An addiction is characterized by a psychological need for drugs that surpasses the user’s ability to control the use of drugs. So, what causes, for example, heroin addiction. This is a brainless question. Heroin causes heroinRead MoreThe Effects Of Gambling Addiction On The Brain1682 Words   |  7 PagesBiological Factors Addictions are known to activate the culmination of sites in the brain that make up the ‘reward centre’ which is responsible for feeling happiness or pleasure through the release of dopamine (Linden, 2011). After repeated exposures, receptors in the brain build a tolerance towards the addiction meaning that there is a need for increased stimulation to provide a similar ‘high’. Eventually behaviour patterns develop so as to avoid withdrawal. At this point addiction is occurring andRead MoreDrug Addiction And Its Effects On The Brain Essay1753 Words   |  8 PagesFor some people, the use of alcohol and drugs can lead to a chronic disease or long-term illness that has serious medical and social consequences. Are you feeling down, left out, trying to fit in? Addiction begins so easily and takes over without any warning. It can begin with a bad day, consequences, peer pressure, or a teen trying to find a way to fit in. â€Å"An estimated 2.4 million Americans used prescription drugs non-medically for the first time within the past year, which averages to approximatelyRead MoreEssay on Is Addiction a Brain Disease2426 Words   |  10 PagesPosition Paper: Is Addiction a Brain Disease? Introduction Addiction, it is all around us, affecting people from all walks of life, it is not limited to certain social classes or lifestyles. It is found in every ethnic group, regardless of gender or age. It affects our neighbors, our friends, and our family either directly or indirectly. Although substances such as alcohol and illegal drugs are two of the most common addictions we hear about, there is a wide range of substances and evenRead MoreAddiction Is A Chronic Brain Disease1757 Words   |  8 Pages Addiction is a chronic brain disease that often results in some sort of relapse. Addiction is characterized by inability to control drug use which results in problems with one’s behaviors and interpersonal relationships. This disease causes compulsive behaviors such as the need to use drugs despite the many harmful consequences that affect the addicted individual and those around him or her. Although for most people, the initial decision to use drugs is a one time lapse in judgeme nt, the brain is

Marriages Now and Then Essay - 1041 Words

The evolution of men and women, how the roles in society have changed. Over the last five hundred or so years women have come a long way. We have seen in the Sixteen hundreds arranged marriages where the woman had no say in the union, and the relationships were is based on money or prestige (Shakespeare 1668). Presently we see love is the driving factor. In 1997 a study was done to say forty-six percent of marriages end in divorce (Harvey1996). In the Sixteen hundreds there were no studies done, but far fewer marriages ended in divorce. That word was not even in the vocabulary. What is the reason for this? We have more choices, more money, and more technology. Communication between men and women is the heart of the issue. We do have more†¦show more content†¦She has many thought provoking verses in her text to show how times were changing and so were women (p. 63). Not to mention, men were trying to figure out women (p. 86). Time moves forward a hundred years or so. What changes do we see? Is there a more independent relationship between men and women? The development of the roles just adds to the misunderstandings and the torment of the opposite sexes. We see how a more independent outspoken woman gets into a more complicated circle of mis-communications and relationship problems. We once again see the inability of man and women to make themselves understood. The female character that is the lover to the English patient has picked a complex life and role, but with all of her independence she still manages to torture herself, her husband, and her lover (Ondaatje’s 1992). Does this show a better understanding of the opposite sex or just how much more complicated life becomes with the changing of the times? Looking at the last 100 years everything has become more complex. We have gone from horse and buggy to automobiles and space shuttles. We have seen women go from homemakers to rocket scientist. We have seen technology change how we treat diseases and how we eliminate our enemies. We have more knowledge in an instant than we could have read in a decade. With all of this fascinating and unbelievable information there are still thousands and thousands of books being published andShow MoreRelatedMarriage : Then And Now1583 Words   |  7 PagesKelsey Palmisano Hoffman INQ 110 – Marriage Family 9/11/14 Marriage: Then and Now The evolution of marriage has transformed a great deal overtime, and today, is in a unique stage. It is often that couples choose to live together before tying the not. This is called cohabitation. During this time period, couples are able to experience one another at the next level. 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Limitations of the Australian Thresholdâ€Free Samples for Students

Question: What are the limitations of the Australian Threshold? Answer: Introduction The artistic features prepared by the indigenous group of the Australian are known as the Aboriginal Art. The aboriginal art includes the artistic painting on the leaves, rock carving, woodcarving, sand painting, and sculpting. It is to be indicated that the aboriginal art is reflecting the rituals and ceremonies of Australian aboriginal group. According to Quayle, Sonn and Kasat (2016), this art is considered as the oldest traditional art that highlights many of the innovative paintings. The study will explore the underlying facts regarding the aboriginal arts. The analytical point of view will be incorporated in this study to develop the clear understanding related to the subject matter. Review of the Article The article explores the facts related to the unique art features created by the aboriginal group of people in Australia. The following points will highlight the key features of the artwork illustrated by the famous artists of the indigenous community. Origin of aboriginal art The etymological origin of the Aboriginal art is the Dreamtime stories and symbols. The specialty of this era is the conceptions of the local people regarding creation of the world. The life span of the dream time stories is more than 50,000 years and the legacy have been passed through all the generations (Sanz, Fiore and May 2016). Delving deep into the tradition, all of the art does not entre around the dreamtime stories. Comparison of all the art forms of the Australian threshold, aboriginal art enriches the knowledge of the local people about the worldly creation. The passing on of the legacy through all of the generations contradicts the limitations of the indigenous people. Linguistics of the aboriginal art There is an absence of native language for the aboriginal people settled in the Australian threshold. This is the main reason for representation of the culture and traditions in the form of symbols (McDonald 2014). This practice finds its applicability also in terms of conveying important information to the people regarding the cultural diversity. Maintenance of traditionalism in the symbols and icons helps the artisans to preserve the Australian culture. In spite of the differences in the linguistics, critiques are invoked to compare the aboriginal art to the Western art movement. This invocation attaches a different shade to the aboriginal art, which enriches the cultural heritage (Eagle 2014). Uses of aboriginal art One of the most common uses of the aboriginal art is to teach painting to the children. Keeping in mind the varying interests of the people, different bases are used for depicting the symbols of cultural heritage. This variation holds different connotations for children and adults. For children, the art forms enrich their knowledge about the culture of their motherland. From the perspective of the adults, the aboriginal art is a tribute to the efforts of the artisans in terms of enlivening the history of creation (Kubota 2016). This utilization of the aboriginal art improves the visual sense of the audience. Moreover, levying the information about the creation of the world through paintings helps the people to find similarities with the everyday life. Multiculturalism of aboriginal art Before the advent of Europeans in Australia, multiculturalism has already made its way into the threshold of Australia. The major drive behind this is the presence of multiple language groups and cultures. Variations in the cultures have resulted in the creation of various different styles, which have aligned with the specific tastes and preferences of the audience. Herein, lays the attempts undertaken by the media personnel in terms of enriching the knowledge of the public domain about the cultural diversity of Australia (Hodder 2013). Typical examples in this direction are the exhibitions, placement of the paintings in the museums for visual entertainment of the tourists and local people among others. Legal specifications The artists are entrusted to follow certain rules and regulations, prior to the initiation of painting. As the painting reveals out the specifications of the sacred information, the painter needs to take permission from the statutory body of law. Even the traditional painters are not exempted from these specifications. The traditional and experienced artists cannot picturize a story, which does not align with his family legacy. Consideration of these specifications adds a legal touch to the paintings, which are placed in the exhibitions (Cameron 2015). On the contrary, lack of compliance to these specifications spoils the sanctity of the cultural heritage, which degrades the national status. Painting boards The modern aboriginal paintings are drawn on canvas. However, the story was different in the earlier times. As a matter of specifications, wall scratches, rock walls, bodies of humans, sand, dirt and ceremonial articles were the different abodes of the aboriginal paintings. However, the etymological origin of canvas is only 40 years ago (David et al. 2013). Credit goes to Geoffrey Bardon, who, in 1971 brought a transformation in the painting platform from scribbling of the stories in the sands to the depiction of these stories on canvas boards. His motivation and encouragement took the aboriginal art to the standards of western art movement. Following the footsteps of Geoffrey uplifted the standard of the aboriginal art to the extent of achieving success in the provision of providing thrilling visual experience to the audiences, which aligns with the standards of 20th century art forms (Hodder 2013). Dot painting The main purpose of using dots in the aboriginal art is to conceal the secret of the sacred information from the white men. Its usage began, when the native people became conscious of preserving the cultural heritage of the art form. Utilization of several dots placed the revealed facts underneath the real projection. This added to the safety and security of the traditionalism related to the native art (Eagle 2014). Typical example of this is the morphology of the classical styles brought in by the Pintupi tribes. The morphology relates to the upliftment of the art form. Viewing it from other perspective, combination of dots results in one whole fragment, which acts as a protective cover for the picturized story. Environment of the aboriginal art The life span of the indigenous people attains longevity as compared to the other civilizations of the world. Surviving with the hostile environment has taught the people to adapt themselves amidst the complexities of life (Sanz, Fiore and May 2016). This has been possible due to the transmission of spiritual knowledge, cultural behavior, and practical skills among the local tribes. These values are reflected in the art forms, which can be considered as an upliftment in the social status of the aboriginal people. Placement of the paintings by the aboriginal tribes in the museums is a typical example in this direction. Widespread glory of the masterpieces of the aboriginal people sheds off the issues of exclusion, isolation from their fate and adds fame (Kubota 2016). Worth of the Artistic painting The article indicates that the price of the aboriginal artwork is much higher. Clifford Possum Tjapaltjarri has painted most of the artworks. In the year of 2007, Warlugulong, the famous artwork of Clifford Possum Tjapaltjarri was sold in almost $2.4 million. The use of the unique artistic ideas and the exploration of the antique beauty are making this aboriginal piece of work priceless (Merlan 2014). One of the Australian female artists made the record for an indigenous work. This illustration of Emily Kame Kngwarreye, Earths Creation was sold to a private buyer with the expense of $1.056 million in the year of 2007. The cultural reflection The aboriginal artwork helps in reviewing the cultural trait of the indigenous people in Australia in a remarkable way. It has the positive influence on these people to make them more culturally competent (Murphy 2016). The young indigenous people become knowledgeable about the facts of their culture since the old generation of the indigenous group has taught them in an influential way. The enriched knowledge derived from these aboriginal arts are ensuring some of the intangible benefits, such as increasing pride and self-esteem in the cultural perspectives. The reflection of the beautiful aboriginal arts helps in clarifying the understanding of the indigenous cultures. Categorization of the Aboriginal Illustration The aboriginal artwork is categorized into three major divisions, such as general version, public version, and ceremonial level. The indigenous people derive the ideas about the diverse languages included in the cultural aspects (Zurba and Berkes 2014). Moreover, the future generation of the indigenous group receives the enriched information about the customs, rituals, and ceremonies. Many of the arts illustrate the typical dreaming story that the public usually visualises in their regular lives. The reflection of the artistic story is also visible in these artworks. Traditional Symbolism It has been noticed that the symbolism of U shape is mostly used in the desert art or in the sand art. The U shape appears when a person sits cross-legged in the sand. The use of the symbolism is one of the unique features of the aboriginal arts. The desert art form of the aboriginal group is mostly prepared by utilising such symbolism. Aboriginal Community It has been observed that the Truganini was considered as the last person of the indigenous person in Tasmania. However, the perception was wrong. It was notified that a string and vibrant group of indigenous community in Tasmania has the visible existence (Flicker et al. 2014). The unique artistic values are reflected through the illustrations of the famous indigenous artist like Julie Gough and Ricky Maynard. In fact, a number of the indigenous people from Tasmania have been continuing the cultural practices through their epic artworks. Utilisation of Art The artists from the aboriginal group sometimes use the aerial depiction for the desert art. One of the unique features of the aboriginal art is that people do not need a map to design their house with the artwork. People can hang the artwork as per their choice. The maintenance of the versatility in this aboriginal art is much attractive (Shield and Loo 2014). People purchase the illustrative arts at a very higher price to decorate their home. In fact, it is also considered as the lucky signs of the indigenous culture. Skin Names The skin names of the aboriginal art form refers to the selected name of the men and women. The skin name feature is quite a complex system for providing the knowledge about the relationship between people, responsibilities, and their roles and responsibilities (Dowell 2015). It also depicts the clear linking between the land and the ceremonies in a clarified way. It can be interpreted that the use of the skin names holds the significant priority in the artwork prepared by the indigenous community. Conclusion The study elaborates the review of the facts associated with the aboriginal artwork prepared by the indigenous people in Australia. The use of the symbolic values and the unique art features are quite remarkable. The eye-catching arts are sold to the people at higher price. In fact, it is also notable that the young people from the indigenous group receive the enriched information about the cultural traits, customs, and rituals. The description of the cultural value of the indigenous community is reflected through the commendable illustrations of the famous artists. References Cameron, E., 2015, June. Is It Art or Knowledge? Deconstructing Australian Aboriginal Creative Making. InArts(Vol. 4, No. 2, pp. 68-74). Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute. David, B., Geneste, J.M., Petchey, F., Delannoy, J.J., Barker, B. and Eccleston, M., 2013. How old are Australia's pictographs? A review of rock art dating.Journal of Archaeological Science,40(1), pp.3-10. Dowell, K.L., 2015. " The Future Looks Rad from Where I Stand": A Review of Claiming Space: Voices of Urban Aboriginal Youth at the UBC Museum of Anthropology.Anthropologica,57(1), pp.239-246. Eagle, M., 2014. A history of Australian art 1830-1930: told through the lives of the objects. Flicker, S., Danforth, J.Y., Wilson, C., Oliver, V., Larkin, J., Restoule, J.P., Mitchell, C., Konsmo, E., Jackson, R. and Prentice, T., 2014. " Because we have really unique art": Decolonizing Research with Indigenous Youth Using the Arts.International Journal of Indigenous Health,10(1), p.16. Hodder, I., 2013.The meanings of things: material culture and symbolic expression. Routledge. Kubota, S., 2016. Innovation of Paintings and Its Transmission: Case Studies from Aboriginal Art in Australia. InSocial Learning and Innovation in Contemporary Hunter-Gatherers(pp. 229-234). Springer Japan. McDonald, G., 2014. Aboriginal art and cultural diplomacy: Australia, the United States, and the Culture Warriors exhibition.Journal of Australian Studies,38(1), pp.18-31. Merlan, F., 2014. Recent rituals of indigenous recognition in Australia: Welcome to country.American Anthropologist,116(2), pp.296-309. Murphy, J.R., 2016. What we don't talk about when we talk about aboriginal art.Going Down Swinging, (37), p.82. Quayle, A., Sonn, C. and Kasat, P., 2016. Community arts as public pedagogy: disruptions into public memory through Aboriginal counter-storytelling.International Journal of Inclusive Education,20(3), pp.261-277. Sanz, I.D., Fiore, D. and May, S.K. eds., 2016.Archaeologies of Art: Time, Place, and Identity. Routledge. Shield, R. and Loo, S., 2014. Contemporary Aboriginal art and the cultural landscapes of urban Australia. InAustralasian Urban History Planning History Conference (UHPH 14): Landscapes and Ecologies of Urban and Planning History(pp. 759-770). Zurba, M. and Berkes, F., 2014. Caring for country through participatory art: creating a boundary object for communicating Indigenous knowledge and values.Local Environment,19(8), pp.821-836.